# DBT JRF 2020 — Question 66

Exam: DBT JRF 2020 · Section: B · Topic: Bioprocess Engineering · Difficulty: Medium

## Question

In the design of a fermenter, which one of the following is NOT the intended use of baffles?

## Options

- **A.** increase the effect of agitation
- **B.** to reduce shear sensitivity of microorganism
- **C.** prevent eddy / vortex formation
- **D.** improve aeration efficiency

## Answer

Option B

## Explanation

Orthologous genes are homologs related by SPECIATION (vertical descent from a common ancestral gene in the last common ancestor of the compared species). They typically (but not always) retain the same function in different species. Examples: human and mouse insulin genes, human and Drosophila Pax6 (eye development gene). Paralogous genes are homologs related by GENE DUPLICATION within a species (e.g. human $\alpha$ - and $\beta$ -globins). Xenologous genes are obtained by horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Heterologous is not a standard phylogenetic term. Ortholog identification is critical for comparative genomics and inferring gene function across species.

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